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GEÓ FEATURED CONTENT: CLIMATE CRISIS & AI – Role of Artificial Intelligence in Climate Action

GEÓ NewsTeam — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 14:02:18 +0000

Tuesday, 19 November 2024

GEÓ VOICE: CLIMATE CRISIS & AI – Role of Artificial Intelligence in Climate Action
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Role of Artificial Intelligence in Climate Action

Artificial Intelligence is rapidly advancing climate action by enhancing resilience, improving energy efficiency, and optimizing resource use. However, increased demand for AI raises concerns over energy consumption and e-waste.

At COP29, leaders emphasized the need to reduce tech manufacturing’s carbon footprint while recognizing digital technologies’ role in climate change solutions. Here’s expert insights highlighting opportunities and challenges AI presents in addressing climate change.

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DAILY GEOPOLITICAL INSIGHTS: The Geopolitical News Roundup & Analysis for Monday, 18th December 2023

About Iain FRASER — Mon, 18 Dec 2023 07:30:29 +0000

Monday, 18th December 2023

DAILY GEOPOLITICAL INSIGHTS: The Geopolitical News Roundup & Analysis for Monday, 18th December 2023
GEÓ Insights Curated By Iain Fraser – Associate Publisher GEÓ
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GEOPOLITICAL INSIGHTS: Good Morning from the GEÓ Newsroom in Gibraltar. Geopolitical Insights for Monday, 18th December 2023 curated By Iain Fraser, Associate Publisher GEÓ –

1. GAZA: UN – Spokesman has welcomed the reopening of the Kerem Shalom border crossing into the Gaza Strip will be reopened. Until now, limited humanitarian aid has only been allowed to pass through the Rafah crossing with Egypt, which serves mainly as a pedestrian crossing, although aid truck inspections have been taking place at Kerem Shalom. Learn More with GEÓAnalysis direct to your inbox #GEÓInsights #GEÓAnalysis #GEÓVoice #Geopolitics #Gaza #KeremShalom

2. NORTH KOREA: Rocket Man – NK conducted its first ICBM test for nearly five months. Seoul said that the missile was a experimental more agile solid-fuelled weapon probably Pyongyangs Hwasong-18 categorised by Kim Jong Un as the most powerful weapon of his nuclear forces. ICBMs with built-in solid propellants make detection and tracking more difficult. Learn More with GEÓAnalysis direct to your inbox #GEÓInsights #GEÓAnalysis #GEÓVoice #Geopolitics #NorthKoreaNews #RocketMan

3. SERBIA: Vucic claims big election victory for party – Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic has claimed victory in snap parliamentary elections with his SNS (Serbian Progressive Party) predicted to win with 47% of the vote with opposition parties under the aegis of the SAV party (Serbia Against Violence) amassing no more than 23% of the vote. Learn More with GEÓAnalysis direct to your inbox #GEÓInsights #GEÓAnalysis #GEÓVoice #Geopolitics #SerbiaElections #Vucic

4. HONG KONG: The Trial of HK Pro-democracy media magnate Jimmy Lai, charged with collusion with foreign forces under China´s National Security Law has finally started. The landmark case has caused international concern and is widely seen as a test of Hong Kong’s judicial independence. If found guilty, the 76 year old has been on remand since December 2020. Learn More with GEÓAnalysis direct to your inbox #GEÓInsights #GEÓAnalysis #GEÓVoice #Geopolitics #HongKong #JimmyLi

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AI: How is the World Economic Forum creating guardrails for Artificial Intelligence? – WEF via GEÓVoice

GEÓ VOICE — Wed, 15 Nov 2023 11:48:21 +0000

Wednesday, 14th November 2023

AI: WEF – How is the World Economic Forum creating guardrails for Artificial Intelligence? – WEF GEÓVoice
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In response to the uncertainties surrounding generative AI and the need for robust AI governance frameworks to ensure responsible and beneficial outcomes for all, the Forum’s Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR) has launched the AI Governance Alliance. The Alliance will unite industry leaders, governments, academic institutions, and civil society organizations to champion responsible global design and release of transparent and inclusive AI systems. Learn More /…

About AI Governance Alliance

The World Economic Forum launches the AI Governance Alliance uniting industry leaders, governments, academic institutions, and civil society organizations to champion responsible global design and release of transparent and inclusive AI systems. Together, we are shaping the future of AI governance, fostering innovation, and ensuring that the potential of AI is harnessed for the betterment of society while upholding ethical considerations and inclusivity at every step. Learn More /…

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AI: The Hype, Peril, and Promise of Artificial Intelligence by John Mecklin – Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

GEÓ NewsTeam — Mon, 18 Sep 2023 08:11:45 +0000

AI: The Hype, Peril, and Promise of Artificial Intelligence by John Mecklin
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Google Indexed on 180923 at 11:10

Monday, 18th September 2023

In an era marked by the rapid advancement of technology, there is no doubt that artificial intelligence (AI) stands at the vanguard of innovation, captivating the imagination of nations and individuals alike. Its potential to revolutionize nearly every aspect of our lives, from warfare and governance to the very essence of human nature, is both awe-inspiring and daunting.

As we navigate through these uncharted waters, the September issue of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists sets its gaze firmly on the complex interplay between humanity and AI, exploring the hype, peril, and promise that surround this transformative force.

We kick off the issue with an insightful interview conducted by editor in chief John Mecklin with Paul Scharre, an emerging military technology expert. Scharre brings into sharp focus the intricate dynamics of global power in the age of AI, where technology reshapes the contours of geopolitical influence. Learn More /…

About the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

At our core, the Bulletin is a media organization, posting free articles on its website and publishing a premium digital magazine. But we are much more. The Bulletin’s website, iconic Doomsday Clock, and regular events help advance actionable ideas at a time when technology is outpacing our ability to control it. The Bulletin focuses on three main areas: nuclear risk, climate change, and disruptive technologies. What connects these topics is a driving belief that because humans created them, we can control them. Learn More /…

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AI: Regulation essential to curb AI for surveillance – UN on GEO´

GEÓ NewsTeam — Tue, 06 Jun 2023 05:41:00 +0000

AI: Regulation essential to curb AI for surveillance – UN on GEO´

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Google Indexed on 060623 at 10:52 CET

6th June 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered spyware and disinformation is on the rise, and regulation of the space has become urgent, according to UN-appointed independent rights experts.

In a statement on Friday, the experts said that emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence-based biometric surveillance systems, are increasingly being used “in sensitive contexts”, without individuals’ knowledge or consent

‘Urgent red lines’ must be drawn

“Urgent and strict regulatory red lines are needed for technologies that claim to perform emotion or gender recognition,” said the experts, who include Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism.

The Human Rights Council-appointed experts condemned the already “alarming” use and impacts of spyware and surveillance technologies on the work of human rights defenders and journalists, “often under the guise of national security and counter-terrorism measures”.

They also called for regulation to address the lightning-fast development of generative AI that’s enabling mass production of fake online content which spreads disinformation and hate speech.

Learn More /…

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DEFENCE: UK Hosts World First AUKUS AI & Autonomy Trial – MOD on GEO´

GEÓ NewsTeam — Wed, 31 May 2023 05:30:00 +0000

DEFENCE: UK Hosts World First AUKUS AI & Autonomy Trial – MOD on GEO´

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Google Indexed on 310523 at 09:47 CET

31st May 2023

World first as UK hosts inaugural AUKUS AI and Autonomy trial – The first AUKUS artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomy trial was held, with the aim of rapidly driving these technologies into responsible military use.

Image Credit: Chris Hunkeler

Experimental work by Australia, UK and US on detecting and tracking military targets
Vehicles retrained in flight to adapt to changing mission situations
Shared focus on adhering to safe and responsible artificial intelligence activity
World first as UK hosts inaugural AUKUS AI and autonomy trial

The work saw the initial joint deployment of Australian, UK and US AI-enabled assets in a collaborative swarm to detect and track military targets in a representative environment in real time. Accelerating the development of these technologies will have a massive impact on coalition military capability.

The first AUKUS artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomy trial organised by Dstl saw the inaugural joint deployment of Australian, UK and US AI-enabled assets in a collaborative system to detect and track military targets in a representative environment in real time.

The trial, organised by the UK’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), achieved world firsts, including the live retraining of models in flight and the interchange of AI models between AUKUS nations. The AUKUS collaboration is looking to rapidly drive these technologies into military capabilities. Learn More /…

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ENERGY: Shell adopts AI for Deep-sea Exploration – GEO´ Analysis

GEÓ NewsTeam — Wed, 17 May 2023 05:36:00 +0000

ENERGY: Shell adopts AI for Deep-sea Exploration – GEO´ Analysis

Posted By: Iain Fraser – Associate Publisher GEO´

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Google Search Indexed on 170523

17th May 2023

REUTERS has reported that Global Energy giant Shell has teamed up with big-date analysts SparkCognition to adopt AI Technology to aid both its deep sea exploration and to boost offshore output.

According to the article SparkCognition’s AI algorithms will process and analyse large amounts of seismic data in the hunt for new oil reservoirs by Shell.

The announcement comes hard on the heels of yesterday impassioned pleas by the Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI, the company behind ChatGPT, who has called on US lawmakers to regulate artificial intelligence (AI). To receive our full Analysis direct to your inbox or smart device please Click Here to Register Free

Image Credit: Photographic Services, Shell International Limited.

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PODCAST: The rise of AI & the green transition -WEF on GEO´

GEÓ NewsTeam — Tue, 09 May 2023 05:38:00 +0000

PODCAST: The rise of AI & the green transition -WEF on GEO´

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Google Indexed on 090523 at 10:59 CET

9th May 2023

PODCAST: The rise of AI & the green transition will transform the way we work: Future of Jobs Report 2023

The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report is a snapshot of the world of work now, and a look into where we are going. The latest edition comes as we are still digesting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and as we all become aware of the massive impact that Artificial Intelligence is likely to have on pretty much every job humans do. Listen Now!

The Forum Managing Director Saadia Zahidi sets out the highlights of the report, and Jeff Maggioncalda, CEO of online learning company Coursera talks about the skills we will all need in this rapidly changing world. Learn More /…

Image Credit: World Economic Forum/Flickr

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: The AI Balancing Act – Potential v Emissions WEF on GEO´

GEÓ NewsTeam — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 06:07:00 +0000

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: The AI Balancing Act – Potential v Emissions WEF on GEO´

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Google Indexed on 200423 at 10:55 CET

20th April 2023

The global AI market could be worth $1,600 billion by 2030 — this has serious environmental implications.

But data and AI can contribute to solving environmental problems by assisting research and fostering effective environmental governance. Governments and businesses should support the responsible use of AI in the context of climate change.

The global AI market could be worth $1,600 billion by 2030 — this has serious environmental implications.

But data and AI can contribute to solving environmental problems by assisting research and fostering effective environmental governance.

Governments and businesses should support the responsible use of AI in the context of climate change.

The global artificial intelligence (AI) market is projected to post a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 38.1% and reach a value close to $1,600 billion by 2030 — a meteoric rise aided as much by big data as it is by software and hardware.

According to Statista, the amount of data today’s digitised economy creates is growing annually by 40% and is expected to reach 163 trillion gigabytes by 2025, which will further fuel growth in AI.

Data’s value chain and the environment

The data value chain involves devices and sensors to capture the data, networks for communicating data and data centres to store them. All of this requires natural resources and energy to build and transport the devices and products, which emit greenhouse gases throughout their lifecycle. Beyond the products themselves, energy is also required to run machine-learning algorithms.

Data centres are responsible for 20% of all electricity consumption in Germany’s financial hub Frankfurt. Neural networks — computing systems inspired by the human brain and used by most modern AI algorithms — are particularly power-hungry.

The general trend in AI is toward ever more power consumption because of the computing used to train the model and the computing used to infer new data from those models. According to OpenAI, creators of ChatGPT, the computing used to train the average model increases by a factor of 10 each year. Some believe machine learning is on track to consume all the energy that can be supplied.

Overcoming AI’s environmental challenge

Many studies have investigated how data and AI can be used to solve sustainability issues by revealing new insights and contributing to smarter decisions. Yet some of those benefits are offset by rebound effects and human practices, and the direct negative impact of the data and AI value chain is significant.

“AI will transform business practices and industries and has the potential to address major societal problems, including sustainability. Degradation of the natural environment and the climate crisis are exceedingly complex phenomena requiring the most advanced and innovative solutions,” argue AI researchers Rohit Nishant, Mike Kennedy and Jacqueline Corbett.

At a corporate level, they propose five ways to reconcile AI’s impact on the environment and its centrality to a solution to the climate crisis.

1. Adopt a multilevel view to capture the complexity of the real world, and limit rebound effects, for example.

2. Use a system dynamics perspective to capture interactions and feedback loops among the technology, users, and other stakeholders.

3. Follow a design thinking approach to minimise potential unintended consequences and improve the effectiveness of AI solutions.

4. Understand the psychological and sociological underpinnings of human response for effective long-term solutions.

5. Examine the economic value of AI for sustainability to develop our understanding of how AI differs from conventional IT.

“The true value of AI will not be in how it enables society to reduce its energy, water and land use intensities but rather, at a higher level, how it facilitates and fosters environmental governance,” the researchers add.

Corporates and governance

Various reports have urged governments to pursue sustainable AI and one of them suggested the following.

As the volume of data and the use of AI increase and spread across industries, company sizes and countries, corporations will be challenged increasingly on the environmental implications of data and AI by the public and most likely, regulators.

With an increased maturity level within the public, companies and governments, only counting the benefits of using AI for solving environmental issues will no longer suffice. Balancing with other negative impacts of the organization (on topics other than digital) and taking into consideration the direct negative impact will be necessary.

Achieving that measurement will require a systemic view of environmental impacts, way beyond its purely digital impact (whether direct or indirect), and including the stakeholders outside the company (clients and suppliers for example).

Aiming to have a positive effect will require leveraging expertise that was either absent or isolated from the engineering expertise (behavioural science and design thinking, for example). Learn More /…

About WEF (World Economic Forum)

The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.

The Forum engages the foremost political, business, cultural and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.

It was established in 1971 as a not-for-profit foundation and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is independent, impartial and not tied to any special interests. The Forum strives in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while upholding the highest standards of governance. Moral and intellectual integrity is at the heart of everything it does. Learn More /…

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CHINA: U.S. Escalates Chips War With China – ORF on GEO´

GEÓ NewsTeam — Tue, 11 Apr 2023 07:41:00 +0000

CHINA: U.S. Escalates Chips War With China – ORF on GEO´

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Google Indexed on 110423 at 12:18 CET

11 April 2023

Global geopolitics is in a state of intense flux. China’s rise has led to greater competition in the international system, with the United States and the post-War global order coming under increasing challenge. China’s high economic growth rate in the past several decades has meant bigger military budgets. In turn, its military rise threatens security in the Indo-Pacific region where China seeks to dominate, from the Himalayas to South China Sea and East China Sea. This paper argues that China’s massive military power, accompanied by its threat or use of force and aggressive actions against its neighbours has heightened insecurity across the Indo-Pacific. Yet, the China challenge is multifaceted and not just in the domain of the military. This paper focuses on the area of technology.

Introduction

The US-China technology and trade war is reaching new heights, as the United States imposed a new round of technology controls on China in October 2022. These controls will affect “the flow of high-end semiconductors and semiconductor-manufacturing equipment to Beijing.” The wave of US sanctions began in 2019 as a nascent effort by the Trump Administration to limit the Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei’s growing footprint in multiple regions across the globe. With the competition picking up momentum across various technologies, including military and security utilities, efforts to restrict China’s access to technologies including semiconductors (or chips) and other components will likely become widespread. The US has in recent months also said that it will take “extraterritorial measures” if its allies and partners do not follow its lead in the imposition of the new measures.

The European Commission, in an effort to strengthen the continent’s competitiveness in the area of semiconductors, introduced the Chips Act in 2022 that primarily seeks to double Europe’s market share from the current 10 percent to at least 20 percent by 2030. The Act includes a number of different steps to secure Europe from semiconductor supply vulnerabilities: beefing up investments in next-generation technologies; giving access across Europe for designing tools and pilot lines for the prototyping, testing and experimentation of cutting-edge chips; ensuring a more investor-friendly structure that would aid in establishing manufacturing facilities in Europe; and instituting certification procedures for energy-efficient and trusted chips to guarantee quality and security for critical applications.

The law also seeks to assure start-ups and SMEs better access to equity finance; further skills, talent and innovation in microelectronics; build capabilities to predict and respond to possible semiconductor shortages and crises to remove supply vulnerabilities; and develop semiconductor partnerships with like-minded countries across the globe. According to media reports, the Chips Act will allow for a spending of 15 billion euros (approx. US$17.11 billion) in both public and private investments until 2030.

This paper describes the intensifying US-China tech war; examines the logic of this tech war; and explains the new US export control measures that have been instituted in recent months with the goal of restricting the technology flow to China. It also looks into China’s domestic efforts in recent years to mitigate the repercussions of US restrictions.

U.S.-China Tech Competition: An Overview

Competition in the semiconductor industry has accelerated in recent years. Semiconductors, or chips, are key to a number of critical technologies such as 5G, AI, autonomous electric vehicles, and the internet of things (IoT). Many of these technologies are of important strategic value in the context of the changing nature of warfare, and countries’ defence departments are among the potential beneficiaries as automation and digitalisation pick up greater traction in military affairs. Pat Gelsinger, CEO of Intel Corporation, in his Senate testimony in March 2022 remarked that the increasing requirement of semiconductors pushed by growing digitalisation has become particularly acute in the last few years. Consequently, the huge growth in demand has led to critical shortages in semiconductors globally. According to the 2022 annual report of the US-based Semiconductor Industry Association, the heavy demand for digital connectivity necessitated by the pandemic along with “significant fluctuations in chip demand for other products such as cars, triggered a supply-demand imbalance felt across the world.”

Countries that have semiconductor production capacities are indeed better placed to dominate the global market. The US and a few of its partner countries have so far succeeded in this regard, although there are several others that are beginning to invest in the domain. China, clearly recognising the critical role of semiconductors across multiple sectors including the military, has made one of the biggest investments to the tune of 1 trillion yuan (US$1.45 billion). However, it has yet to reap the benefits of such heavy investments and is beginning to rethink this policy approach. Without access to components produced in the West, China cannot manufacture high-end chips that use highly advanced semiconductor nodes.[10] Commenting on China’s predicament, Andrew Buss, IDC Research Director for European Enterprise Infrastructure, said that “we will see China looking more internally, with manufacturers such as SMIC serving the domestic market instead of being a foundry for Western companies.”

Sharing this viewpoint, Richard Gordon, practice vice president for semiconductors and electronics at Gartner, said that while China may focus on “using its semiconductor industry to service its own internal consumption more in future” it is unlikely that “they [China] will stop throwing money at the problem, but the bigger issue is that it requires expertise and time, and it will take a very long time.” With the US-China competition picking up, Taiwan finds itself at centre-stage with the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), which produces the chips that companies like Apple, Qualcomm, Broadcom, Arm and Nvidia design. TSMC produces 84 percent of the most advanced chips globally.

New U.S. Regulations

The US enforces a number of federal regulations aimed at restricting technology flows. These include the State Department’s International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), which enforces the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), and the Department of Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations (EAR) implemented by the US Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). The BIS’ regulated items are contained in the Commerce Control List (CCL).In October 2022, the BIS initiated critical policy changes that involve “additional export controls on certain advanced computing semiconductor chips (chips, advanced computing chips, integrated circuits, or ICs), transactions for supercomputer end-uses, and transactions involving certain entities on the Entity List.” BIS “has also adopted additional controls on certain semiconductor manufacturing items and on transactions for certain IC end use.”

With this policy shift, the BIS has also amended the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), which includes an addition of 31 persons to the Unverified List (UVL) as well as removing nine persons from the UVL after the BIS was able to verify their bona-fides. The Unverified List includes parties to whom technologies, hardware or software cannot be transacted because the BIS could not “verify their bona-fides.” If, “for reasons outside the US Government’s control”, the BIS has been unable to complete “satisfactorily” an “end-use check” with regard to a particular party, the party is then added to the UVL. The new additions and deletions are all from China. BIS noted that 31 persons had to be included since it was “unable to verify their bona-fides because an end-use check could not be completed satisfactorily for reasons outside the U.S. Government’s control.” Nine parties were removed from the UVL “because the BIS was able to verify their bona-fides.” These actions have the effect of “choking off China’s access to the future of AI.”

These policy changes come in the backdrop of the Biden Administration’s CHIPS and Science Act of August 2022 that the US hopes will reinforce the country’s leadership in semiconductor technology, by strengthening domestic research, development, and production capacity. A White House Fact Sheet noted that this Act will “strengthen American manufacturing, supply chains, and national security, and invest in research and development, science and technology, and the workforce of the future to keep the United States the leader in the industries of tomorrow, including nanotechnology, clean energy, quantum computing, and artificial intelligence.” The signing of the CHIPS and Science Act immediately pushed for significant investment in the US semiconductor manufacturing with companies investing US$50 billion, pushing the total business investment up to US$150 billion since Biden became president in January 2021. The CHIPS and Science Act is a combination of two bipartisan bills, both aimed at stepping up US competitiveness in high-end technologies: the Endless Frontier Act aimed at enhancing investment in high-tech research, and the CHIPS for America Act whose goal is to revive semiconductor manufacturing in the US. Learn More /…

Attribution: Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, “The U.S. Escalates Chips War With China,” ORF Occasional Paper No. 397, April 2023, Observer Research Foundation.

Image Credit: Danny Howard

About Dr Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan

Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Adviser to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues. Learn More /…

About ORF

ORF began its journey in 1990 at the juncture of ideation tempered by pragmatism. During the period of India’s transition to a new engagement with the international economic order, several challenges emerged, evoking a need for an independent forum that could critically examine the problems facing the country and help develop coherent policy responses. ORF was thus formed, and brought together, for the first time, leading Indian economists and policymakers to present the agenda for India’s economic reforms. Learn More /…

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AI: The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, explained – WEF on GEO´

GEÓ NewsTeam — Wed, 05 Apr 2023 07:51:00 +0000

AI: The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, explained – WEF on GEO´

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Google Indexed on 050423 at 10:10 CET

Wednesday, 5th March 2023

The European Union (EU) is considering a new legal framework that aims to significantly bolster regulations on the development and use of artificial intelligence.

The European Union is considering far-reaching legislation on artificial intelligence (AI).

The proposed Artificial Intelligence Act would classify AI systems by risk and mandate various development and use requirements.

European lawmakers are still debating the details, with many stressing the need to both foster AI innovation and protect the public.

The proposed legislation, the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act, focuses primarily on strengthening rules around data quality, transparency, human oversight and accountability. It also aims to address ethical questions and implementation challenges in various sectors ranging from healthcare and education to finance and energy.

“[AI] has been around for decades but has reached new capacities fuelled by computing power,” Thierry Breton, the EU’s Commissioner for Internal Market, said in a statement. The Artificial Intelligence Act aims to “strengthen Europe’s position as a global hub of excellence in AI from the lab to the market, ensure that AI in Europe respects our values and rules, and harness the potential of AI for industrial use.”

The cornerstone of the AI Act is a classification system that determines the level of risk an AI technology could pose to the health and safety or fundamental rights of a person. The framework includes four risk tiers: unacceptable, high, limited and minimal.

AI systems with limited and minimal risk—like spam filters or video games—are allowed to be used with little requirements other than transparency obligations. Systems deemed to pose an unacceptable risk—like government social scoring and real-time biometric identification systems in public spaces—are prohibited with little exception.

On artificial intelligence, trust is a must, not a nice to have. — Margrethe Vestager, Executive Vice-President for a Europe fit for the Digital Age

High-risk AI systems are permitted, but developers and users must adhere to regulations that require rigorous testing, proper documentation of data quality and an accountability framework that details human oversight. AI deemed high risk include autonomous vehicles, medical devices and critical infrastructure machinery, to name a few.

The proposed legislation also outlines regulations around so-called general purpose AI, which are AI systems that can be used for different purposes with varying degrees of risk. Such technologies include, for example, large language model generative AI systems like ChatGPT.

EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act: for safely harnessing AI’s full potential “With this Act, the EU is taking the lead in attempting to make AI systems fit for the future we as human want,” said Kay Firth-Butterfield, the Head of AI at the World Economic Forum. Learn More /…

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Counter-terrorism ‘rhetoric’ used to justify rise of surveillance technology – UN on GEO´

GEÓ NewsTeam — Wed, 15 Mar 2023 07:34:00 +0000

Counter-terrorism ‘rhetoric’ used to justify rise of surveillance technology – UN on GEO´

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14 March 2023

Some countries and private companies are using “counter-terrorism and security rhetoric” to justify a major increase in the deployment and use of cutting-edge surveillance technology, with no regulation, and at an “enormous cost” to human rights, said an independent UN expert on Tuesday.

In a report to the latest session of the Human Rights Council, UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, warned of an alarming increase in the use of “intrusive and high-risk technologies”, according to a press release issued by the UN human rights office (OHCHR).

This includes drones, biometrics, artificial intelligence (AI) and spyware, which is being ramped up in the ongoing fight against terrorism, without due regard for the rule of law, governance and human rights, she said.

Exception becoming the norm

“Exceptional justifications for the use of surveillance technologies in human rights ‘lite’ counter-terrorism often turn into mundane regular use,” said Ms. Ní Aoláin, pointing to the impact on fundamental rights such as freedom of movement, freedom of expression, freedom of peaceful assembly and the right to privacy.

“There must be a pause in the use of intrusive high-risk technologies until adequate safeguards are in place,” she said.

The Human Rights Council-appointed independent expert expressed concern about the growing domestication of the use of drones in several countries, the widespread misuse of spyware technology against civil society groups, dissidents and journalists, and the increasing adoption of biometric data collection.

‘Unregulated transfers’ must end

“The unregulated transfer of high-risk technologies to States engaging in systematic human rights violations must end,” the Special Rapporteur said. She urged authorities to more effectively regulate companies involved in the transfer of surveillance technologies abroad. Learn More /…

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AI: Ethics of AI – Principles, Rules, and the Way Forward – Observer Research Foundation

GEÓ NewsTeam — Wed, 30 Nov 2022 07:47:00 +0000

AI: Ethics of AI – Principles, Rules, and the Way Forward – Observer Research Foundation

By: Husanjot Chahal – Observer Research Foundation

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In recent years, different research institutions, government bodies, and private entities across countries have issued principles and guidelines for the ethical use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). There is little consensus, however, over universal ethical principles and how to implement them. What are the similarities and differences in AI ethics discussions across geographies, and what are the existing gaps? Crucially, if the larger goal is the ethical development and deployment of AI, are efforts towards codifying and devising high-level ethical AI principles even a fruitful exercise?

The Current Landscape of AI Ethics

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being deployed in ways that touch people’s lives, including in areas of healthcare, financial transactions, and delivery of justice. Advances in AI can have profound impacts across varied societal domains, and in recent years, this realisation has sparked ample debate about the values that should guide its development and use.

States and international organisations have reacted to these societal concerns in various ways. Some have formed ad-hoc committees tasked to deliberate and provide recommendations on the subject. Examples include the United States National Artificial Intelligence Advisory Committee (NAIAC) that dispenses advice to the president and various federal officials; the expert group on AI at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); the High-Level Expert Group on AI formed by the European Commission; and the Select Committee on AI appointed by the UK Parliament’s House of Lords. These bodies have either drafted or are currently drafting policy documents on the ethical, economic, and social implications of advances in AI.

Similar efforts are underway in the private sector. Companies that are at the forefront of AI development like Google, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, and Sony, have released guidelines for developing ethical AI. Some analysts have propounded that these private entities desire to shape the AI ethics domain in ways that either eschew regulation or else meet their own business priorities. Meanwhile, non-profit organisations and professional associations, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Internet Society, OpenAI, and the World Economic Forum have also issued declarations and recommendations on AI principles and policies.

The multitude of efforts across such diverse stakeholders reflects the need for guidance in AI development. Not only are the organisations that have produced ethical guidelines on AI diverse—the content of such documents is equally wide ranging. Several empirical studies of AI ethical principles have attempted to examine the various topics under discussion across sectors and countries, and to propose how such principles can be implemented in practice. A review of the findings across these studies can offer insights into the scope and potential for a global agreement on the subject of AI ethics, as well as the disagreements therein.

Points of Convergence

Research shows that most of the available ethical guidelines adopted by states, international organisations, and private companies include a discussion of the following five ethical principles: transparency, justice and fairness, responsibility and accountability, privacy, and non-maleficence. These themes were referenced in at least half of the documents analysed across different studies and could indicate some convergence in global thinking on ethical AI.

The principle of transparency, or the need to have transparent processes in the development and design of AI algorithms, reflects a commitment to increase interpretability, explainability, or other acts of disclosure. It is one of the most prevalent principles in current literature on AI. Justice and fairness. This principle is expressed mainly in terms of fairness and mitigation of unwanted bias, as a caution to the global community that AI may increase inequality and reinforce societal biases if they are not addressed adequately.

Responsibility and accountability. There are widespread references to “responsible AI,” although the concept of ‘responsibility’ is rarely defined. Recommendations centred on responsibility include clarifying legal liability, focusing on underlying processes that may cause potential harm, or whistleblowing in case of potential harm. Responsibility seems to be intertwined with the principles of transparency and justice such that promoting both these themes can increase responsibility and accountability by entities that develop and deploy AI.

While often undefined, privacy is viewed both as a value to uphold and as a right to be protected in ethical AI, and gets presented commonly in relation to data protection and data security.

Non-maleficence.

The mention of non-maleficence (encompassing calls for safety and security) exceeded that of beneficence, indicating the precedence of moral obligation to preventing harm over the promotion of good. This could be due to a negativity bias in characterisation of ethical values concentrating more on negative issues and events rather than positive ones. For instance, existing guidelines do not generally discuss how ethical principles could be promoted through responsible innovation in AI.

Points of Divergence

There are substantive divergences across various ethical AI guidelines as analysed by scholars. Most of them relate to the following three main factors:

a. Interpretation

There are significant differences in how the same principles are interpreted across various guideline documents and the requirements considered important for their realisation. For instance, the need for more datasets to “unbias” AI—to ensure that AI models are trained on representative data in order to avoid flawed or biased conclusions and recommendations—appears to be in conflict with the need to give individuals greater control over their data and ensure privacy. Some guidelines emphasise the need to balance risks and benefits in AI development while others talk of avoiding harm at all costs.

b. Attribution

There are also divergences in attribution—interpreting which domain, actor, or issue these ethical principles pertain to. For instance, does the European guideline on privacy (encompassing protection of individual’s data from both state and commercial entities) also apply to China where privacy guidelines target only private companies, and citizens are accustomed to living in a protected society with high trust in their government? Different perspectives, interpretations, and priorities in ethical AI are of course to be expected given that these documents are developed by a broad range of countries, international organisations, and companies. That said, such divergences could undermine attempts to develop a global ethical AI agenda because varied perspectives, for example risk-benefit evaluations, will lead to different results based on whose well-being they are developed for or the actors involved in developing them.

c. Implementation

Finally, there are differing opinions on how ethical AI principles should be implemented—through government organisations, inter-governmental organisations, industry leaders, individual users or developers, or by harmonising AI agendas across the board. If harmonisation is a goal, then how does one account for moral pluralism and cultural diversity across countries, considering that AI is a general-purpose technology operating in varied contexts and cultures?

Persistent Gaps

Discussions on the ethical development and use of AI are ongoing, and as such, there are gaps that remain unaddressed. For example, themes of sustainability and solidarity are sparsely referenced across documents. Sustainability appears more commonly in public sector documents than in those drafted by private or non-governmental organisations (NGOs). AI deployment today requires massive computational resources, and thus high energy consumption, and this need will only expand with time. This makes the broader under-representation of sustainability-related principles particularly concerning, and calls into question the possibility of harnessing the benefits of AI for the entire biosphere.

Solidarity—a concept mostly referenced in relation to the consequences of AI for the labour market—is also absent in most discussions. There are very few guidelines that pay attention to promoting solidarity by exploring the use of AI expertise for redistributing the augmentation of prosperity for all, and solving socio-economic challenges such as job losses, inequality, and unfair sharing of burdens. Sharing prosperity could mean, for example, compensating humans whose actions provide data for training AI models.

Integrity—meaning being explicit about best practices and disclosure of errors—is another theme that is missing across guideline documents. Current documents place crucial focus on propagating the values of accountability and responsibility, but hardly any emphasise the duty of all stakeholders to develop and deploy AI with integrity. Similarly, the discussion of lack of diversity within the AI community is mostly absent, which is problematic because such dearth of diverse thought could result in flawed AI systems that perpetuate gender and racial biases.

Several initiatives, particularly those offered by industry, are generally criticised as mere virtue-signalling designed to debate on abstract problems and delay regulation. In relation to this, it has been observed that many guidelines, especially those produced by the private sector, indicate that technical solutions exist for several of the identified issues, such as privacy and non-maleficence. However, very few guidelines have offered, or at least acknowledged, technical explanations at all; and when they do, they are sparse. While one cannot expect guidelines to be exhaustive about all problems AI could cause, issues pertaining to political abuse of AI systems—generating election fraud, fake news, and propaganda, which are widely acknowledged as critical problems of today—are also an oversight.

Furthermore, shifting the focus from principle-development to implementation is an important next step. However, existing discussions lack clarity on which ethical principles should be emphasised and how existing conflicts in interpretation can be resolved. Moreover, there is a need to determine how conflicts between ethical principles can be resolved and who should enforce oversight and ensure that researchers and institutions comply with ensuing guidelines.

Factors for the Convergence, Divergence, and Gaps

The field of AI ethics is expanding. Convergences across the five ethical principles is understandable as it could be a testimony to the significance of those principles; divergences likely reflect the diversity in viewpoints; and gaps could result because much of the work in this domain is still in progress. Having said that, it is crucial to consider other factors possibly influencing these results.

A significant question pertains to equality of participation in the ongoing global discussion on AI ethics. Some scholars have indicated that the current AI ethics discourse is mostly dominated by countries in the Global North. Indeed, of the 506 AI-related documents listed in Council of Europe’s data visualisation of AI initiatives (as of October 2022), only 10 percent come from countries outside Europe and North America. Moreover, research indicates that there is a dearth of reference to key terms associated with gender within AI ethics documents and the ratio of female-to-male authors across these documents is a low 31 percent. Therefore, like other parts of AI research, the discourse on AI ethics is also primarily shaped by men. The absence of an inclusive AI ethics landscape means that mainstream discussions are reinforcing certain viewpoints while possibly neglecting other risks and ethical considerations of importance to women and countries beyond Europe and North America.

Consensus or dissensus among AI ethics documents could also result due to the provenance of literature. Different types of organisations—public, private, and NGOs—have differing priorities, audiences, motivations, and scope of responsibility. The public sector is known to emphasise questions related to unemployment and economic growth, while the private sector focuses more on ethical issues with technical fixes (such as transparency and algorithmic bias); for their part, NGOs address a broader range of topics such as accountability and misinformation. In comparison to the private sector, NGOs and public sector entities are reportedly more similar to each other in their approach to AI ethics—they have more participatory processes in creation of guidelines, greater engagement with issues of regulation and law, and more depth and ethical breadth. Consequently, depending on the corpus of documents and types of organisations at hand, an assessment of AI ethics could indicate meaningful variations or similarities in the choice of topics.

The Way Forward

In AI ethics, what forms “AI for good” is under negotiation through dialogues among people or organisations impacted by AI development and other intergovernmental initiatives. If calls for more technology access and multi-stakeholder participation are followed, the field is likely to become even more diverse. Narrower versions of the existing themes are likely to emerge with respect to particular geographies and stakeholder groups. This strengthens the case for putting more effort into clarifying the variations that exist within themes and also undertaking measures to resolve differences in interpretation or attribution where possible. If the goal is to have a better articulated ethical AI landscape, the current discourse should be enriched through evaluation of critical but underrepresented principles, such as sustainability and solidarity underlining social and ecological costs of AI.

Beyond a principled approach to AI ethics

While ‘principlism’ has been the underlying framework to influence the development of safe and beneficial AI, many have questioned its effectiveness. Some critics have pointed out that the field of AI ethics has produced largely vague and high-level principles and value statements. A 2018 study by McNamara et al. reviewed the idea that ethical guidelines serve as a basis for ethical decisions made by developers. The study found that the effectiveness of guidelines is almost negligible since it does not change the behaviour of students or technology professionals.

Relatedly, scholars have indicated that there are other reasons to be concerned about the future impact of AI ethical guidelines. Certain characteristics of AI development indicate that any principled efforts at ethics might not have significant impact on AI’s governance and design.

First, the fundamental aims of AI developers, users, and affected parties do not align, and a unified regulatory framework does not exist yet in the field that establishes clear fiduciary duties towards data subjects and users. This means that users cannot trust that developers will act in their best interests when implementing ethical principles in practice. Reputational risks may compel companies, and personal moral conviction may press AI developers towards good behaviour. However, any righteous actions that place public interests before the company and that do not align with company incentive structures are unlikely.

Second, the situation gets further complicated given that AI development lacks a homogenous professional culture, history, moral obligations, and professional standards of what it means to be a “good” AI developer. AI ethics initiatives try to address this gap by offering broadly acceptable guidelines for AI development across radically different contexts of use. But this results in principles or values that are abstract and based on vague concepts that are not specific enough to guide action and are left to developers to interpret as they see fit.

Third, outside of academic contexts, any principled approach to AI ethics does not have proven methods to transform principles into practice. For instance, the field of medicine has numerous professional societies, accreditation and licensing boards, ethics review bodies, codes of conduct, peer self-governance, and other mechanisms reinforced by strong institutions that ensure ethical conduct on a daily basis. AI development lacks comparable structures to translate guidelines into practice to ensure that this technology, developed behind closed doors, is value-conscious.

Finally, a key weakness for AI is the relative lack of professional and legal accountability mechanisms to redress misbehaviour and ensure that standards are upheld. Research indicates that the existence of mere codes of ethics is not sufficient, and they are often viewed as “checklists” that get pursued in letter rather than spirit. Broader guidelines and self-regulatory efforts alone cannot prevent AI development from failures or misuse, and existing norms and requirements will not be able to set matters right. What makes matters more complicated is that setting up strong accountability mechanisms in AI appears unlikely in the future given that AI is not a unified profession operating in a single sector with a long history of harmonised aims. All of this questions the need for high-level principles as a tool to effect change.

Conclusion

A plethora of national, international, and commercial AI guidelines in recent years have paved the way for some progress on the development of a principles-led approach to AI. However, one should not celebrate limited consensus on high-level guidelines that conceal deep normative and political disagreements. Instead, it is time to move forward in defining clear long-term pathways, setting explicit professional standards tailored towards specific applications, and building accountability structures that are not only country-specific but also sector- and organisation-specific. Mechanisms should also be set up to license developers of applications with elevated risks, such as facial recognition tools or other systems trained on biometric data.

It will also be interesting to see any future AI principles-based discussions geared toward particular applications of AI, like autonomous vehicles, credit scoring services, recruitment procedure software, or other high-risk AI. There have been instances where ethically motivated efforts have been undertaken to improve AI systems, and most of them have been in specific fields where technical solutions exist for particular problems. For example, many privacy-preserving techniques, like homomorphic encryption or federated learning, or other methods using differential or stochastic privacy, have been developed for the use of data and learning algorithms. A deeper assessment of these context-specific cases to underline guidelines for AI principles could be a way forward.

Admittedly, principles are difficult to translate into practice. However, they still play a crucial role in building awareness and acting as catalysts for building beneficence and a culture of responsibility among AI developers. Internalised norms and values have a role in influencing extrinsic measures, and how individual developers conceptualise, communicate, and enforce extrinsic measures will be crucial in facilitating their implementation. Principles alone cannot govern AI, but nor can rules and requirements. An effective AI governance strategy will require both—principles encouraging cultural change in the AI community, and explicit rules and regulations buttressing them. Learn More /…

(This brief was first published in Digital Debates 2022, ORF’s annual journal on technology and society.)

About Husanjot Chahal

Husanjot Chahal is a Research Analyst at Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET) where she is focused on producing data-driven research examining the security implications of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI). Prior to CSET, she worked at the World Bank’s Corporate Security division. Husan’s research on AI has featured in the European Parliament, U.S. House of Representatives, NATO, and several leading publications such as The Diplomat, National Defense, Politico, Scientific American, and the Fortune Magazine. Learn More /…

About ORF [Observer Research Foundation]

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Attribution: Husanjot Chahal, “Ethics of AI: Principles, Rules, and the Way Forward,” ORF Issue Brief No. 589, November 2022, Observer Research Foundation.

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GEO’ Insights – Week ending: Friday 21st October 2022

GEÓ NewsTeam — Fri, 21 Oct 2022 07:35:00 +0000

GEO’ Insights – Week ending: Friday 21st October 2022

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Welcome to GEO’ Insights for the week ending 21st October 2022. Our trending posts are a valuable guide to the weeks Geopolitical landscape and never more than thus! Of course the headlines are quite rightly given to Ukraine and the diminutive despot [sic] Vladimir Putin’s illegal invasion of its neighbouring sovereign state. Putin’s “justification” for the invasion was to rid Europe of Nazism inter alia NATO has been met with stoicism and strength and not only should the Ukraine military´s resolve but also the resolve of the Ukraine people is to applauded and is sure to enter the annals of history.

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GEOURNAL™ – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY 15 JULY 2022

GEÓ NewsTeam — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 10:00:00 +0000

GEOURNAL™ – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY 15 JULY 2022

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Welcome to Geournal™ The Geopolitical Week for the week ending 15 July 2022.

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GEO’ INSIGHTS – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY 08 JULY 2022

GEÓ NewsTeam — Fri, 08 Jul 2022 08:00:00 +0000

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GEOurnal™ – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY 01 JULY 2022

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GEOURNAL – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY 01 JULY 2022

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Welcome to Geournal™ The Geopolitical Week for the week ending 01 July 2022.

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AI: The Power of Maritime AI™

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AI: The Power of Maritime AI™

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Windward announces a New Standard of Accuracy & Visibility with Maritime AI™ Predicted ETA.

Two years into the global supply chain disruption, the reliability of ocean freight is still far from what it was pre-pandemic. Less than 40% of shipments are arriving as scheduled in carriers’ sailing schedules! This all-time high of shipment delays is impacting the global supply chain across all modes of transportation.

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This week, Windward announced the release of Maritime AI™ Predicted ETA and real-time insights, which predicts shipments and vessels’ ETAs more accurately than carriers up to 30 days out. The ground-breaking AI technology outperforms the carriers’ arrival estimations for two out of three containers traded across the globe and cuts down by half the number of ETAs assessments that are off by 5+ days, providing organizations with full visibility and predictability. Learn More/…

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Our platform pushes the boundaries of comprehensive data and ground-breaking technology to solve the toughest maritime challenges. By leveraging unmatched maritime domain expertise, augmented by best-in-class artificial intelligence and machine learning, we empower our partners to predict what’s over the horizon, eliminate uncertainty, and build organizations. Learn More/…

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GEOurnal™ – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY, 27 MAY 2022

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GEOURNAL™ – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY 27 MAY 2022

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GEOPolitical Weekly News Roundup

Week ending Friday, 27 May 2022

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Week ending Friday, 27 May 2022

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Events Diary: Upcoming Events & Webinars

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AI: Artificial intelligence already upending Geopolitics

GEÓ NewsTeam — Mon, 16 May 2022 12:45:00 +0000

AI: Artificial intelligence already upending Geopolitics

Posted By GEO´ Newsteam – Gibraltar

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The TechCrunch Global Affairs Project has examined the increasingly intertwined relationship between the Technology and Geopolitics

The article by Techcrunch.com authors Angela Kane https://techcrunch.com/author/angela/ and Wendell Wallach https://techcrunch.com/author/wendell-wallach/ examines how Geopolitical actors have always used technology to further their goals. Unlike other technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) is far more than a mere tool.

Not wanting to anthropomorphize AI or suggest that it has intentions of its own, they say that it is not — yet — a moral agent. But it is fast becoming a primary determinant of the collective destiny. They go on to say that they believe that because of AI’s unique characteristics — and its impact on other fields, from biotechnologies to nanotechnologies — it is already threatening the foundations of global peace and security. Learn More/…

Image Credit: KarineLB/Pixabay

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GEOurnal™ – THE GEOPOLITICAL WEEK: FRIDAY, 27 MAY 2022

AI: Artificial intelligence already upending Geopolitics